High-Performance-Computing
SUPer-REchner für NUMerische Anwendungen
SUPRENUM – Supercomputer for Numerical Applications was a German research project to develop a parallel computer between 1985 and 1990. Although the Suprenum–1 was the most powerful massively parallel computer system in the world for a short time, the development of a second generation of the system was not financed.
Brief overview of the successful and most powerful parallel computer based on MIMD technology developed in Germany, which began about 40 years ago: from innovation “Made in Germany” to invest “Made for Germany” (#MadeForGermany).
Über 60 Unternehmen & über 630 Mrd. EUR an Investitionen bis 2028. Die Initiative #MadeForGermany ist ein starkes Bekenntnis der Unternehmen zum Standort Deutschland und seiner Zukunftsfähigkeit. (1/2) pic.twitter.com/Do7xrgFY1S
— Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (@BMWE_) July 21, 2025
SUPRENUM – European supercomputer
SUPRENUM was the German supercomputer project aiming at the development and construction of a distributed-memory multiprocessor system. Within the SUPRENUM project many application codes are either parallelized or completely new developed. Using the concepts of the Abstract SUPRENUM Machine and some programming environment tools these applications can be parallelized rather easily and straightforward.
History
“The SUPRENUM project ended around 25 years ago (07/2018). The aim of this large–scale German project, funded by the Ministry of Research, was to develop a parallel supercomputer, particularly for large numerical applications. In a joint initiative involving research centers, industry, and university expert groups, the aim was to create a scalable computer system that offered true peak performance based on a MIMD parallel architecture. In addition to hardware design and implementation, this also required a large number of software developments. In fact, around two-thirds of the project costs were spent on software development.
In 1989, the first (“small”) system was presented to great public acclaim at the Hannover Messe Industrie trade fair and celebrated as a major success. A system with the highest level of expansion was then installed and approved at the GMD in Sankt Augustin in December 1990. From 1991 and 1992, a large number of applications were implemented on this fully developed system and extensive performance measurements were carried out. The result in a nutshell: With a peak performance of 3.0 GFLOPS (for a matrix multiplication), SUPRENUM was the fastest MIMD computer in the world at the time.
However, the more significant and lasting breakthroughs were achieved not on the hardware side, but on the software side. The project had not only a research goal, but also a commercial one. This was one of the conditions formulated by the main industry partners from the outset. The SUPRENUM systems manufactured by the industry partner Krupp Atlas Elektronik GmbH were to be procured and used in particular by research institutions as high-performance computers. However, apart from the target system for the GMD, only five smaller systems were procured and installed by institutions closely involved in the project.
The main reason for this lack of commercial success was that industry and research policy makers could not agree on the financing of the further development of the system (SUPRENUM 2). No (genuine) buyer can be found for a (high-performance) system whose future is uncertain. However, the software developments of the project were successfully marketed by Pallas GmbH and continued in the European GENESIS project and later in the EUROPORT project, among others. The parallelization concepts in particular were groundbreaking. They still form the basis of a large number of large parallel applications today.
This article takes a retrospective look at the technical developments and research policy aspects of the project at the time. Some of the technical developments appear exceptional in retrospect. Some of the political decisions in the initial phase of the project were courageous and visionary, while the attitude of industry at the end was rather short-sighted and not very forward-looking.”
Zusammenfassung
Review article
SUPRENUM 25 years in Informatik-Spektrum:
Source
Review article with permission from the authors:
- Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ulrich Trottenberg, Priv.-Doz. Dr. habil. Bernhard Thomas, InterScience Akademie GmbH, Köln
- Copyright (C) 2018 by Springer-Verlag GmbH, Berlin
- DOI: link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00287-018-1115-0
Author´s acknowledgement
“Danke, Thomas, für die hervorragende Zusammenfassung von SUPRENUM und die Erinnerung daran, dass Deutschland einmal eine führende Position in der weltweiten Supercomputer-Entwicklung hatte. Technisch-wissenschaftlich hat sich dass MIMD-Konzept und die Vektorbeschleunigung weiterhin durchgesetzt, längst realisiert in hochkompakten Prozessoren, wie sie heute u.a. in der KI eingesetzt werden.
Bei SUPRENUM ging es aber nicht nur um Hardwarebeschleunigung sondern um das Zusammenspiel mit der Parallelisierung komplexer, hochperformanter numerischer Algorithmen. Was oft übersehen wird, ist, dass die Beschleunigung aus dem Produkt von HW- und algorithmischer Innovation resultiert. Zur SUPRENUM-Zeit lieferten weltweit gerade die von Ulrich Trottenberg mit entwickelten Mehrgitter-/Multi-Level-Verfahren DEN algorithmischen Boost auf der SUPRENUM-Architektur.” ~ PD Dr. habil. Bernhard Thomas
GitHub repository
Further information
This list of links on the SUPRENUM topic does not claim to be exhaustive:
- de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUPRENUM
- www.wikiwand.com/de/articles/SUPRENUM
- researchgate.net/publication/327163160_SUPRENUM_25_Jahre
- link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00287-018-1115-0
- linkedin.com/pulse/suprenum-der-deutsche-parallelrechner-mit-ulrich-hiz123-schmitz/
- link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-75833-1
- link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-75805-8_4
- digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc282829/
- sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0167739X9090038F
- sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0167819188900488
- pp.ipd.kit.edu/publication.php?id=snelting90seap
- dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/146628.140394
- ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/753329
- blog.hnf.de/mut-zur-groesse/
Key people
Wolfgang Giloi, together with Ulrich Trottenberg, played a key role in the development of the SUPRENUM parallel computer.
“Wolfgang Giloi is considered the creator of the first German supercomputer, the SUPRENUM computer, and made a decisive contribution to the development of computer science in Germany. Whereas Ulrich Trottenberg is regarded as the initiator of the project and the person who came up with the idea for the application algorithms, i.e. multigrid and parallelization concept.“
- https://cp.tu-berlin.de/person/2383
- www.wikiwand.com/de/search?q=giloi
- www.wikiwand.com/de/articles/Ulrich_Trottenberg
Videos
References
Literature references from the review article “SUPRENUM 25 Jahre”, by Ulrich Trottenberg and Bernhard Thomas. The following publications are a selection of contributions that are directly or indirectly relevant to this review. In total, more than 200 publications related to SUPRENUM appeared during the project period and thereafter, more than 150 of which are already listed in the bibliography [1] (1989).
- Brand, K.; Lemke, M.: SUPRENUM Bibliography Edition 2.1, SUPRENUM Report 9, 1989
- Brandt, A.: Local and Multi-Level Parallel Processing Mill , in [33]
- Colbrook, A.; Duff, I.; Hey, T.; Stüben, K.; Thole, C.-A. (Special Issue Eds.): Special Issue EUROPORT, The International Journal of Supercomputer Applications and High Performance Computing, Volume 11, Number 4, Sage Science Press, 1997
- Feilmeier, M.; Junker, M.: Superrechner, das Projekt SUPRENUM und die Konsequenzen dieser Entwicklung, Report, F&J-News, 56-66, München 1986
- Fessler, G.: Überlegungen zu Mehrgitteralgorithmen auf Baumrechnern, in [34]
- Franke, B.; Harneit, R.; Kern, A.; Zeidler, H.C.: The Pipeline Bus: An interconnection network for multiprocessor systems, 403-412, in [35]
- Gärtel, U.; Joppich, W.; Schüller, A.; Trottenberg, U.: Wetter- und Klimavorhersage auf hochgradig parallelen Rechnern. Informatik-Spektrum 18, 335-339, 1995
- Giloi, W.K.: SUPRENUM: A Trendsetter in Modern Supercomputer Development, 283-296, in [35]
- Hempel, R.: Portabilität numerischer Software für Parallelrechner unterschiedlicher Architektur, in: Reuter, A. (Ed.): GI – 20. Jahrestagung I (1990), Springer-Verlag 1990
- Hempel, R.; Schüller, A.; Solchenbach, K.; Trottenberg, U.: Portable Anwendungssoftware für Parallelrechner, Informationstechnik it 34, 50-56, 1992
- Herzog, U.: Performance evaluation principles for vector- and multiprocessor systems, 425-438, in [35]
- Hey, A.; McBryan, O.A.: SUPRENUM and GENESIS, Parallel Computing 20, Special Issues 10+11, 1994
- Hillis, W.D.: The Connection Machine, Cambridge, Mass., MIT-Press 1985
- Hoffmann, G.-R.; Maretis, D.K.: The Dawn of Massively Parallel Processing in Meteorology, Topics in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, (Ghil, M.; Sadourny, R.; Sündermann, J. – Series Eds.), Springer 1990
- Kammer, H.: The SUPRENUM vector floating-point unit, 315-324, in [35]
- Kauranne, T.: Summary of GENESIS work at the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), in [12]
- Kehl, E.; Oertel, K.-D.; Solchenbach, K.; Vogelsang, R.; McBryan, O.W.: Application Benchmarks on SUPRENUM, SUPRENUM Report 21, 1990
- Kolp, O.; Mierendorff, H.: Performance estimations for SUPRENUM systems, 357-366, in [35]
- Kremer, U.; Bast, H.-J.; Gerndt, M.; Zima, H.: Advanced tools and techniques for automatic parallelization, 387-393, in [35]
- Kroll, N.: Anforderungen an Rechnerleistungen aus der Sicht der numerischen Aerodynamik, in [34]
- McBryan, O.A.; Frederickson, P.O.; Linden, J.; Schüller, A.; Solchenbach, K.; Stüben, K.; Thole, C.-A.; Trottenberg, U.: Multigrid Methods on Parallel Computers – A Survey of Recent Developments. In: Impact of Computing in Science and Engineering 3, 1-75, 1991
- Mierendorff, H.; Trottenberg, U. (Eds.): Leistungsmessungen für technisch-wissenschaftliche Anwendungen auf dem SUPRENUM-System, Arbeitspapiere der GMD 624, 1992
- Mierendorff, H.; Trottenberg, U. (Eds.): Ergänzende Leistungsmessungen für technisch-wissenschaftliche Anwendungen auf dem SUPRENUM-System, Arbeitspapiere der GMD 669, 1992
- Mühlenbein, H.: Modellierung von parallelen Mehrgitteralgorithmen und Rechnerarchitekturen, in [33]
- Peinze, K.; Trottenberg, U.; Thomas, B.: Parallelrechner für Superleistung – SUPRENUM, Technische Mitteilungen Krupp 1, 15-28, 1989
- Regenspurg, G.: Hochleistungsrechner-Architekturprinzipien, McGraw-Hill 1987
- Rönsch, W.; Strauss, H.: A linear algebra package for a local memory multiprocessor: Problems, proposals and solutions, 413-418, in [35]
- Schröder, W.: PEACE: The distributed SUPRENUM operating system, 325-333, in [35]
- Solchenbach, K.: Suprenum-Fortran – an MIMD/SIMD language, SUPERCOMPUTER 30 (volume VI number 2), 25-30, ASFRA Verlag, Amsterdam 1989
- Solchenbach, K.; Thomas, B.; Trottenberg, U.: Dem parallelen Rechnen gehört die Zukunft. In Meuer, H.W. (Ed.): Supercomputer ´89, Informatik-Fachberichte 211, 110-118, Springer-Verlag 1989
- Solchenbach, K.; Trottenberg, U.: SUPRENUM: System essentials and grid applications, 265-282, in [12]
- Solchenbach, K.; Thole, C.-A.; Trottenberg, U.: GENESIS Application Software, in [5]
- Trottenberg, U.; Wypior, P.: Rechnerarchitekturen für die numerische Simulation auf der Basis superschneller Lösungsverfahren I, GMD-Studien Nr.88, 1984
- Trottenberg, U.; Wypior, P.: Rechnerarchitekturen für die numerische Simulation auf der Basis superschneller Lösungsverfahren II, GMD-Studien Nr. 102, 1985
- Trottenberg, U. (Guest Ed.): Proceedings of the 2nd International SUPRENUM Colloquium 1987, Parallel Computing 7, 1988
- Trottenberg, U.; Oosterlee, C.W.; Schüller, A.: Multigrid, Academic Press, 2001
- Trottenberg, U.: Das Superrechnerprojekt SUPRENUM (1984-1989). In: Reuse, B.; Vollmar, R. (Eds.): Informatikforschung in Deutschland, 176-187, Springer-Verlag 2008
- Werner, K.H.; Brass, U.; Thomas, E.: The Suprenum user interface, SUPERCOMPUTER 30 (volume VI, number 2), 20-24, ASFRA Verlag, Amsterdam 1989
- Burde, T.; Vallbracht, G.; Waldschütz, S.: Fördervorhaben SUPRENUM, Untersuchung von Anwendungs-, Bedarfs- und Akzeptanzfragen, B-SZ 1415/01, IABG GmbH, 1985
- Händler, W.: Anmerkungen zu Erlanger Multiprozessoren, 77 – 113, in [33]
- Händler, W.; Herzog, U.; Hofmann, F.; Schneider, H.J.: Multiprozessoren für breite Anwendungsgebiete: Erlangen General Purpose Array, GI/NTG Fachtagung „Architektur und Betrieb von Rechensystemen“, 195 -208, Informatik-Fachberichte 78, Springer-Verlag 1984
- Hofmann, F.; Händler, W.; Volkert, J.; Henning, G.; Fritsch, G.: Multiprozessor-Architekturkonzept für Mehrgitterverfahren, 65 – 76, in [33]
- Hoßfeld, F.: Vector-Supercomputers, 373-385, in [12]
- Peinze, K.: The SUPRENUM preprototype: Status and Experiences, 297-313, in [35]
Funding
The work underlying this report was funded by the German Federal Minister of Research and Technology (BMFT), grant number ITR 8502D0.